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Casino games history or how people have learnt to count cards Part2.

Being a young scientist, Edward O. Thorp regularly read mathematic journals. When he was a student, he was short of money. The idea of milking casinos on the basis of calculations appealed to Thorp and he decided to check the results of the "excellent four" and see what will come out of it. The result of his activity was a phenomenal book "Beat The Dealer", now its sales are approaching million of samples.

Thorp chose the other way - he did not make analytical calculations, but with powerful at that time computer IBM (they were also called mainframe) he wrote several programs on Fortran, creating quite original methods for 60s. By the way, Thorp together with his research instructor Claude Elwood Shannon, a great scientist, were also involved in solving the problem "how to beat the roulette?"

From his calculations Thorp understood that dealt cards had a considerable affect on the gambler's chances this or that way. His main idea was about memorizing the dealt cards in somewhat simplified way and when the situation is beneficial for the casino player, make high stakes. By the way, this casino games strategy system still remains the basis of any methods and blackjack counting systems.

The blackjack counting system introduced by Thorp, was rather complicated for usage in real casinos, required great concentration and large amount of mentally arithmetic actions. However with good training there was nothing impossible as to start using the system.

Thorp's book immediately became a success and bestseller. Casino players understood that with quite simple actions you can get an advantage over the casino. Every reader dreamt of enormous casino winnings. However, the casinos also knew the score.

Panic seized them. And in 1962 after Thorp's book, all Las Vegas Casinos without exception changed their rules being afraid of mass influx of "system players". The quality of the rules worsened terribly and no blackjack counting system could ever help you to win. Though the effect for casino turned out to be quite unpredictable and reverse - people stopped playing black jack. And during several months, all the casinos had to return to the former rules for their own survival.

Another interesting effect caused by Thorp's book - incredible popularity of blackjack outrunning the favorite American craps. A lot of casino players, after reading the book considered themselves potential winners and rushed to the blackjack casino tables. However, most of them had a bad understanding of the mathematical principles of the casino game did not become winners but quite vice versa. Therefore, casinos got more casino players and moreover losing players. Since then their number is only increasing.

The blackjack counting system presented in the first edition of Thorp's book was quite difficult even for professionals casino players and only the few could apply it under the conditions of a real casino game. Something should be simplified.

The power behind the throne.
Julian Braun is quite a unique personality. He had hardly ever played a deal in real black jack. But he played millions and maybe even billions of deals on the computer. Braun was a good mathematician and programmer and he got interested in Thorp's idea and offered him cooperation in the sphere of calculations and programming.

Braun became the person who first invented the blackjack counting system Hi-Lo. He was behind the development of all modern systems the authorship of which belongs to Revere, Humble, Wong and Uston. He wrote the only book "How to Play Winning Blackjack", but what a book!

Braun upgraded Thorp's blachjack counting system on FORTRAN and made considerable changes and the second edition of Thorp's book also contained Hi-Lo system in its modern form. It was quite a revolution in casino gambling world. Braun worked in IBM corporation and had access to probably most powerful computers of that time. This fact helped to build simple and efficient casino player's tool in struggle with casino.

Using Braun's calculations the casino player mostly known as Lawrence Revere developed his own blackjack counting system and presented his results in the form of convenient tables which are applied in most counters of the world. Lance Humble based his Hi-Opt systems on Braun's experience.
Regardless the fact that Julian most probably had never been to the casino, he became a power behind the throne of the blackjack and all the mathematical modeling of the casino game fell on him.

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